Addendum to Technical Report 94-1
A list of currently available sensing technologies for tracking human movement
Prepared by: Axel Mulder, School of Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, July 1994 (last additions: 8 May 1998)
Acknowledgement: This work was supported in part by a strategic grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
© Copyright 1994 Simon Fraser University. All rights reserved.
For contact information, see the list of human movement tracking products vendors. More descriptions of products and research projects can be found in Meyer et al (1992), Bhatnagar (1993), Doyle (1993) and Ferrin (1991).
Infusion Systems: Bend Date: May 1998 Description: piezo-resistive flexing angle sensor Range: 130 deg (minimum bend radius approx. 13 mm) Price: $25 US
Infusion Systems: TouchGlove Date: May 1998 Description: force sensitive sensors mounted inside glove at finger tips and palm Price: $199 US
VPL Research inc.: DataSuit Description: uses fiberoptic sensors DOF: 50 joints, including knees, arms, torso and feet. 4 polhemus trackers (2 for the hands, 1 for the head, 1 on the back of the suit) Price: (may not be available) Reference: Lasko-Harvill et al (1988)
Virtual Technologies (Virtex): Cyberglove Date: 21 june 91 Description: uses piezoresistive sensors DOF: 3 flex sensors + abduction sensor per finger, plus thumb crossover, palm arch, wrist flexion and abduction Angular resolution: 0.5 degrees over entire dynamic range Material: 80/20 nylon/lycra Interface: RS232, up to 115K2 Sampling rate: 100 Hz Price: US$ 9,800.- (18 chan.) Reference: Product information Virtex Cyberglove. Personal communication.
Exos Inc.: Dexterous Handmaster Date: 17 july 91 Description: uses Hall-effect sensors on exoskeleton DOF: 20 (glove) Sampling rate: upto 100 Hz Accuracy: ca. 1/2 deg. Interface: RS422 (for sampling rate 100 Hz), or RS 232 Software: for IBM compatible, VME, Apple Mac with at least 640 KB memory Weight: ca. 11 oz Temperature range: 25 +/- 10 deg C Price: US$ 17,400.-(includes complete PC) Reference: Product information Exos Dexterous Handmaster. Eberman et al (1993), Marcus and Sturman (1991), Marcus and Eberman (1991 - 2 refs), Eglowstein (1990), Marcus et al (1989),
Mattel / Nintendo: Powerglove Description: uses piezoresistive flex sensors + acoustic tracking for hand Distribution: Abrams-Gentile Entertainment (AGE) Inc. or Toys R us, K-Mart, etc. (toy stores) - may be sold out Interface: only works with Nintendo/Mattel products; third party interfaces available (e.g. AGE and Transfinite interface for Mac) DOF: 8, i.e. flexion of thumb, index, middle and ring finger + x, y, z, roll of hand Range: finger flexion only (i.e. no extension), hand position from 10 to 15 ft translation and handorientation +/- 45 deg working angle off the centre aids Resolution: 2 bit (low-res mode) or 8 bit (hi-res mode) for finger flexion, 1/24 % for hand roll and 6.35 mm for translation (distance of glove to receivers = 0.3048 m) Reference: Mattel / Nintendo Powerglove manual, Eglowstein (1990), Gardner (1989), Mulder (1994).
Virtual Presence / TCAS: Datawear Date: 6 Oct 93 Description: uses piezoresistive conductive neoprene sensors DOF: 24 standard, 12 for jacket, 8 for trousers, 4 for hood, up to 96 channels (suit) / 6 or 11 channels (glove, more can be added) Accuracy: 2% (locally temperature compensated) Material: lycra based material, jacket + trousers (suit) / fingerless (glove) Weight: 750 g Price: (UKL) 20,000.- (24 ch. suit), 2,500.- (each add. 4 ch.); 12,000.- (12 ch jacket); 8,000.- (8 ch. trousers); 2,500.- (6 ch. glove); 4,500.- (11 ch. glove). US$ 37,000.- (96 sensor suit). Reference: Virtual Presence / TCAS Datawear product information
Anaphase unlimited: (unkown product name); Date: April 1995; Description: instrumented glove for VR applications; DOF: ?; Reference: Wired nr?? 95; Price: < 100 US$.
5DT: Dataglove and flexor kit; Date: April 1995; Description: instrumented glove for finger flexion and extension measurement, and flexor strip for elbow or knee flexion measurement. Comes with software development kit for DOS and Windows, Kinemusica software for virtual musical instrument creation and gesture recognition software; DOF: 5 ?; Accuracy: 8 bit; Sample rate: 25 Hz (all 5 fingers); Latency: ca. 8 ms; Data communications: PC ISA bus card allows 4 data gloves and 16 flexor strips to be daisy chained; Price: US$ 495.- (incl. shipping) Reference: Roehl (1995)
W Industries / Virtuality Entertainment Systems: Space glove Description: uses fiberoptics DOF: one flex for each finger, two flex for thumb, 3-space magnetic tracker on the back of the hand Resolution: 12 bit A/D used Material: soft-molded plastic Interface: only works with products of the same company Reference: Sturman et al (1994).
AITek s.r.l.: GLAD-IN-ART glove Date: 3 Oct 90 Description: uses piezoresistive sensors ? + force-feedback with exoskeleton Comments: The dataglove structure wraps around the hand and supports kinesthetic sensors for the fingers. Flexion-extension and abduction-adduction movements are recorded by the sensors. The glove has 12 motors, one for each phalanx of each finger (i.e. 3 per finger) with the little finger excluded. The glove contains 23 sensors. Each finger has 3 strain gauge sensors and one magnetic sensor. Two mechanical sensors and one made of conductive plastic monitor the wrist joint. The final force feedback glove will use only strain gages for force and conductive plastic for all fingers and other points of measurement. AITek is the leader of a european consortium funded by ESPRIT II. projectnumber is P5363. Price: no product available Reference: ESPRIT II P5363 GLAD-IN-ART proposal information. Personal communication.
Motion Orchestration Systems: suit and glove Date: 4 oct 93 Description: uses electromagnetic coil pairs of which relative position and orientation can be determined Interference: yes, but adding freq's easy Sensor: 3/4" square, 1/4" high coils, shifts around a bit, can be 6 DOF, but only one DOF is used Interface: wireless RF, own comm. protocol Update rate: 32 Hz Resolution: < 0.5 deg. Latency: < 62.5 ms. Suit-host connection: Pulsed Digital Modulation (PDM) serial transmission via 15 ft coaxial cord or wireless 300 MHz / 100 ft Host: IBM PC digital I/O card + quickC software DOF: 2 on each shoulder, 1 on each elbow, 1 on each forearm for torsion, 1 on each knee, 2 for ventral side of pelvis (dutch: "lies"), 1 on stomach, 1 on neck (totals 14 analog 12 bit), plus an additional 16 digital (8 for each hand to make contact at thumb or chest) Components: two part suit (spandex bottom + stretch leotard top), two stretch fabric gloves, belt with electronics, FM transmitter and receiver modules, additional cables etc. Calibration: via 5 different choreographed positions Comments: future extensions include optical wireless, more sensors (70 channels), more driving freq's, glove Price: aiming at US$ 1,000.- or less for a production model (not available yet) Reference: Weber (1992), Personal communication.
Bodysynth: suit Date: May 94 Description: uses multiple EMG registration sensors DOF: 4 muscle inputs standard, + 4 optional, + 12 other binary sensors optional Size: 1"x2.5"x4" (body unit), 2"x5"x7.5" (processor unit) Comments: standalone MIDI controller with 'Autoscene & the bodyswitch" for instant patch changes, 64 "Bodypatch" presets, cross-channel controls, adjustable tempo, external sync, MIDI ctrl inputs Price: contact manufacturer (ca. 1,000.-) Reference: Product information BodySynth. Personal communication.
NTT Human Interface Lab: Cyberfinger glove Date: 15 Nov 93 Description: uses 2 EMG registration sensors on wrist + neural network Accuracy: 20 deg on average Price: no product available Reference: For Cyberfingers, it's all in the wrist action Neural Chip Removes Need For Data Glove, The Nikkei Weekly, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, (November 15 1993) p 13
BioControl Systems: EMG interfacing Date: August 1993 Description: Signal processing of multiple EMG registration sensors. They also make an EOG based system. Their resolution is currently insufficient for vision research but may well be adequate for pointing devices (which is their target market anyway). Reference: Knapp (1990). Personal communication.
Penny & Giles Blackwood Ltd.: Goniometers Date: October 1988 Description: uses strain gauges to measure the flexion/extension/abduction etc. of joints Resolution: (claimed to be "infinite") Temperature range: -10 to +50 deg C Price: UKL 88.- (G35 single axis goniometer), UKL 225.- (M180, M110 or M65 twin axis goniometer), UKL 531.- (ADU201 angle display unit), UKL 499.- (software) Reference: Product information Penny & Giles goniometers. Morimoto et al (1988).
The Character Shop: Waldo Description: facial expression tracking system using several types of sensors for tracking facial muscles and jaw.
"Harpo" suit Description: uses potentiometers; cumbersome and noisy Price: no product available Reference: SIGGRAPH 93 coursenotes #1
Polhemus Inc.: InsideTrak, IsoTrak II, FasTrak
Date: 16 july 93, august 94
Description: AC electromagnetic receiver/transmitter
DOF: x, y, z, azimuth, elevation, roll
Reference: Raab et al (1979), Bryson (1992)
Product: InsideTrak
Interface: ISA
Static accuracy: 3 deg. RMS for receiver orientation within 30" range
Resolution: 0.025 deg orientation
Interference: large metallic object can affect performance
Temperature range: 10 to 40 deg C at rel. humidity of 10 to 95 % (non condensing)
Latency: 12 ms without software filter
Update rate: 60 hz / nr of receivers
Synchronization of multiple systems: frequency multiplexed int. or ext. sync
Range: up to 5 ft translation (908 sq ft with LongRanger), +/- 180 deg azimuth & roll, +/- 90 deg elevation
Size: 0.9"x1.1"x0.6" (receiver), 2.3"x2.2"x2.2" (transmitter), 13.3"x3.9" (electronics unit)
Weight: 0.6 oz (receiver), 9.0 oz. (transmitter), 2.5 lbs. (electronics unit)
Power: 15 watts
Price: US$5.750.- (?), US$ 3,500.- (LongRanger, august 94)
Product: IsoTrak II
Interface: RS232 upto 115.2 KBaud
Static accuracy: 0.1 in RMS for the XYZ position, 0.75 deg. RMS for receiver orientation within 30" range
Resolution: 0.0015 in/in of transmitter and receiver separation, 0.1 deg orientation
Interference: large metallic object can affect performance
Temperature range: 10 to 40 deg C at rel. humidity of 10 to 95 % (non condensing)
Latency: 20 ms without software filter, 40 ms with filter
Update rate: 60 hz / nr of receivers
Synchronization of multiple systems: time multiplexed int. or ext. sync
Range: up to 5 ft translation, +/- 180 deg azimuth & roll, +/- 90 deg elevation
Size: 0.9"x1.1"x0.6" (receiver), 2.3"x2.2"x2.2" (transmitter), 7.0"x3.7"x2.2" (power Supply), 11"x11.4"x3.6" (electronics unit)
Weight: 0.6 oz (receiver), 9.0 oz. (transmitter), 1.25 lbs (power supply) 4.0 lbs. (electronics unit)
Power: 25 watts
Price (17 feb 93): US$ 2,875.- (electronics unit with one transmitter driver and 2 receiver inputs, power supply, receiver, transmitter)
Product: FasTrak
Interface: RS232 upto 115.2 KBaud or IEEE488 upto 100KBytes/s
Static accuracy: 0.03 in RMS for the XYZ position, 0.15 deg. RMS for receiver orientation within 30" range
Resolution: 0.0002 in/in of transmitter and receiver separation, 0.025 deg orientation
Interference: large metallic object can affect performance, CRT interference rejection built-in
Temperature range: 10 to 40 deg C at rel. humidity of 10 to 95 % (non condensing)
Latency: 4 ms without software filter
Update rate: 120 hz / nr of receivers
Synchronization of multiple systems: freq. multiplexed int. or ext. sync
Range: up to 10 ft (908 sq ft with LongRanger), +/- 180 deg azimuth, +/- 90 deg elevation, +/- 180 deg roll
Size: 0.9"x1.1"x0.6" (receiver), 2.3"x2.2"x2.2" (transmitter), 7.0"x3.7"x2.2" (power supply), 11"x11.4"x3.6" (electronics unit)
Weight: 0.6 oz (receiver), 9.0 oz. (transmitter), 1.25 lbs (power supply) 4.0 lbs. (electronics unit)
Power: 25 watts
Price (17 feb 93): US$ 5750,- (electronics unit with one transmitter driver and 4 receiver inputs, power supply, receiver, transmitter), US$ 3,500.- (LongRanger, august 94)
Reference: Krieg (1993)
Polhemus Inc.: 3Ball Description: uses Polhemus FastTrak DOF: 6 Accuracy: .03" position / .15 degree orientation Interfacing: Has SGI driver, except for the switch Price: US$ 1,000.- (hardware)
SimGraphics Engineering: Flying Mouse Description: uses Polhemus FastTrak, discontinued, now they focus on software DOF: 6 Accuracy: .03" position / .15 degree orientation Interfacing: Has SGI driver and they developed the drivers for the Data Glove and will be a possible source for other drivers as well - at a price. Price: US$ 750.- (software)
Virtual Research: Wand Description: uses polhemus FastTrak DOF: 6 Accuracy: .03" position / .15 degree orientation
Digital Image Design Inc.: Cricket DOF: 3 (?) Description: uses ultrasound. A 3D interaction tool featuring upright orientation with trigger, grip, thumb, and suspend buttons. Pressure is measured on trigger and grip buttons; pressure and direction (360 degrees) are measured on the thumb button. A variable vibration provides tactile feedback. The Cricket works with 6D trackers by Ascension, Logitech and Polhemus. Senses position and orientation. Tactile display, variable vibration for direct somatosensory feedback. Designed expressly for 3D use. No compromises were made for desktop use, but it can be used as a 2D mouse in many circumstances. Carefullly researched and tested ergonomic design: your arm hangs comfortably at your side, and the unit is upright with your hand at a resting angle. Fits large and small, male and female, left and right handed people. Buttom placement based on common hand use; the trigger chooses or points likeyour index finger; the thumb presses down, opposing the hand; the rest of the hand "grips," working as a unit. Rounded extended base allows use as a joystick, reducing fatigue and allowing fine control in all six dimensions. Pressure on each button is measured. Positive tactile on/off switch in each button separately returns a Boolean value. Requires Logitech Red Baron System, Ascension Flock System, Polhemus Isotrak System, Polhemus Isotrak II System, or Polhemus Fastrak System. 90 day warranty and support. Price: US$ 3,200.- plus list price of a position tracker.
Seitz-Pezaris: HMD position tracker Description: acoustic phase-coherent tracking Accuracy: 7.62 mm Contact: ?? (no longer commercially available ?) Reference: Kalawsky (1993) p150
Logitech Inc.: 6D/2D Mouse Description: uses ultrasound DOF: 6 Accuracy: 1/200" (2% of the distance from source), 0.1 deg (normal), 1/50", 0.5 deg (in fringe area or extended range mode) Resolution: 200 dpi / 0.1 deg in active area and 50 dpi / 0.5 deg in fringe area (6D mode), 400 dpi (2D mode), 50 dpi / 0.5 deg (extended range or head tracker mode) Update rate: up to 50 Hz (demand and incremental mode), 50 Hz (stream mode), 25 Hz (in extended range or head tracker mode) Tracking speed: up to 30"/s Modes: demand / incremental / stream, mouse (2D / 6D) / extended range or head tracker Formats: euler angles or quaternions (6D mode), M+ or MS (2D mode) Range: 2 ft cube plus 8" fringe area (mouse mode), 7 ft cube (extended range or head tracker mode) System components: control unit, 2D / 6D mouse, triangle, power supply Compatibility: Logitech and Microsoft pointing devices in 2D mode Price: US$ 1,000.- (hardware)
Logitech Inc.: Red Baron Description: ultrasonic head tracker Price: US$ 995.-
Digisonic Inc.: (product name unknown) Date: November 1994 Description: ultrasonic TOF head body position/orientation tracking device DOF: 6 Range: 8 ft Resolution: < 200 DPI, 0.1 deg. Latency: < 12 ms Data communications: PC ISA bus card (allows two receivers) Price: US$ 695.-
Infusions Systems: FarReach Date: May 1998 Description: ultrasound time-of-flight distance sensor Range: 15 cm - 10 m Price:
Kantek Inc.: Spectrum Ringmouse; Date: May 1995; Description: ultrasonic TOF xyz position tracker for finger pointing applications with 2 switches transmitted via IR; Ultrasonic broadcast: 180 deg; IR broadcast: 160 deg; Resolution: 100 DPI; Tracking speed: < 30 inch/s; Tracking range: < 3 ft; Sample rate: < 50 Hz; Data communications: RS232C, 4800 Baud, DB9 connector; Power supply: 10 mA; Temperature range: 0-55 deg Celsius; Price: ca. US$ 160.-
5DT: Head/hand position tracker; Date: April 1995; Description: ultrasonic tracker for head and hand motion; DOF: 3 (x, y, z); Range: 4mm - 2m; Update rate: 50 Hz; System components: ultrasonic transmitter unit, small receiver unit, two interface cables, PC interface card (allows up to three receivers); Price: US$ 245.-
Science Accesories Corporation: Space Pen, GP12ES, GP12XL Date: August 10, 1994 Description: acoustic TOF tracking DOF: 3 (x,y,z) Resolution: 0.01 cm (GP12ES), 0.005 cm (GP12XL) Sample rate: < 100 Hz Data communications: RS232C, upto 38.4 KBaud Range: 2.4 m cube (GP12XL), 1 m cube (GP12ES) System components: Probe, Triangular detector array (acrylic for GP12ES, metal for GP12XL), remote calibration mechanism (only with GP12XL), DOS TSR interface software, cables, power supply Size: 17.3x3x13.5 inch Weight: 11.5 lbs Price: US$ 5,965.- (GP12XL) Reference: Kalawsky (1993) p150
APR Inc.: Gesture and Media System (GAMS) Date: February 94 Description: ultrasonic wireless 3D input device for interactive control of media. The wand can be purchased as a stick-like device or as a cigarette-pack sized unit with a cable to position the USonic microphone. Data is transmitted wirelessly. DOF: XYZ position, velocity and acceleration as well as button status Sample rate: < 32 Hz Latency: 75 ms Precision: +/- 2 inch (+/- 5 cm) Accuracy: +/- 1 inch (+/- 2.5 cm) Range: 450 sq ft (42 sq m) (larger areas possible under certain conditions) Size: 27 cm by 4 cm diameter (wand as stick) or 10x6x2.5 cm (wand as packet) Weight: 250 g (wand as stick), 140 g (wand as packet) System components: PC AT interface card, ultrasonic speakers, radio receiver, MIDI mapping software, up to 4 wireless wands. Power supply: 9V lasts about 10 hrs for alkaline battery (wand) Price: US$ 6500 (one wand, mapping software, US speakers, cables, radio receiver, PC AT interface card), US$ 900 (single wand and radio receiver), US$ 4000 (upgrade to 4 wand system)
Lincoln Laboratory: Wand Description: acoustic TOF tracking Sampling rate: 25 Hz Accuracy: 0.2" Contact: ?? (no longer commercially available ?) Reference: Kalawsky (1993) p150
Shooting Star Technology: ADL-1 head tracker Description: mechanical tracker Modes: Demand, Incremental, Free running or Continuous Update rate: up to 300 Hz Latency: < 2ms (typical) Accuracy: 0.200" Resolution: 0.025" (depending on position in workspace), 0.15" to 0.3" (depending on which joint) Repeatability: < 0.100" Material: Lightweight aluminum alloy Data formats: Position - roll/pitch/yaw, Position - rotation matrix, Joint angles, Raw data Workspace: half cylinder of ca. 36" diameter, 18" high Interfacing: RS232C at 4800/9600/19200/38400 Baud using DB9 connector Price: ca. US$ 1,495.- (hardware) Reference: Shooting Star Technology ADL-1 head tracker manual. Gradecki (1994) p24.
Virtual Reality News: WrighTrac Description: 6DOF arm based head tracker Reference: Gradecki (1994) p24
Sutherland: head tracker Description: mechanical tracking DOF: x, y, z, azimuth, elevation, roll Range: 6 ft diameter, 3 ft high, +/- 180 deg azimuth, +/- 40 deg elevation Accuracy: 0.1", 1/10000 of rotation Price: (no longer commercially available ?) Reference: Kalawsky (1993) p20-22
SimGraphics Engineering: VActor Performer; Date: August 94 Description: facial expression tracking using mechanical sliding devices, one end attached to skin of face and other side to frame worn on head
Digital Image Design: Monkey Date: August 94 Description: mechanical puppet with potentiometers that measure bend flex of the "joints". For specifying animation sequences of articulated figures DOF: 34 (6 assignable in separate box), 4 binary switches (e.g. for keyframing)
MIT Medialab: hand/body tracking Date: september 1993 Description: electrostatic field based measurement of body parts location and movement Contact: Neil Gershenfeld, Tom Zimmerman, MIT Medialab, Cambridge, MA USA
Selspot AB: SELSPOT II Date: 1 March 1993 Description: uses synchronized infrared LED markers with pair of camera's (up to 16 cameras and up to 120 markers can be used). Allows for 2-D or 3-D motion analysis. 3-D coordinates constructed from 2 or more cameras. Calculates angle, acceleration, moments, etc. 48 analog input channels with maximum Sampling rate of 1-5 kHz for EMG, force platform, etc. Markers are sequenced to ensure identification. MULTILAB software for data analysis. Calibration and set up difficult. Error sources: background light interference (need lighting control), image distortion, interference of wired body markers with movement. Electronic signal-to-noise ratio is a critical limitation of the system. Sampling rate: 10 / (# cameras * # IR-LED's) [kHz] Sampling time: 100 us for each 3D point Resolution: 0.025 % of measuring range Non-linearity (of detector): 0.1 % of measuring range Accuracy: 0.5% of measuring range Range: 1 m cube DOF: x, y, z Temperature range: 0 - 40 deg Celsius Relative humidity: 10% - 95% noncondensing Price: US$ 37,900.- Reference: Berger et al (1990), product information Selspot SELSPOT II
Northern Digital Inc.: Optotrak Date: Oct 1991 Description: uses synchronized infrared LED markers, wired to the system hardware, tracked by 3 IR sensitive cameras mounted on a rigid base. Software modules to calculate 3D position, angles, moments, rotation, etc.. Allows for analog input of EMG, force platform data, etc.. Errors not detected until data analysis. No interference by background reflection. Not suitable for long tasks as markers get hot on skin. Accuracy: 1/20,000 of the field of view (30 microns in a 1-meter volume) Resolution: 1/64,000 of the field of view (within a range of 1-8 m) Number of markers: up to 256 measurement range: 1 m to 8 m Sampling rate: up to 3,500 points per second Latency: (real-time) Price: US$ 80,000.- Reference: Northern Digital Optotrak manual and product information
Log-In srl.: COSTEL Date: 1 March 1993 Description: IR-LED markers are tracked by 3 CCD cameras. Automated system. Precision: 0.02 % of measurement field width Accuracy: 0.1 % of measurement field width Spatial resolution: 0.025 % of measurement field width Sampling rate: up to 250 Hz Number of markers: 10 at 250 Hz, 20 at 125 Hz Evaluation: low sensitivity to spurious light, reflections and other environmental noise, measures slow movement, calibration object is small and not deformable in transportation, cumbersome to use in work environment, need space for 3 cameras, easy, fast, reliable, does not require specific technical skills Price: LIT 132,000.- (3D system, includes PC) Reference: Bianchi et al (1990), product information Log-In srl. Costel
Adaptive Optics Associates Inc.: Multi-Trax Date: 10 June 1994 Description: Reflective markers are illuminated synchronously by IR flasher. The reflections of the markers are consequently captured by 1 or more cameras and processed by a videoprocessor and computer. Other markers (IR emitting light sources, laser spots or retroprisms) can also be used. Resolution: 1/30,000 of field of view Spatiotemporal noise: 0.003 % of field of view (typical) Exposure time: 0.8 ms Temperature drift: 0.01% of field of view Frame rate: 50 or 60 Hz, 120 Hz for a 4 camera system Measuring distance: 0.5 to 30 m indoor, 0.5 to 8 m outdoor Marker size: 0.5 to 18 % of field of view Number of markers: upto 20 in realtime, more in non-realtime Temperature range: 0-40 deg Celsius Relative humidity: 20 - 95% Reference: product information Adaptive Optics Associates Inc. Multi-Trax
Optikon Corp. Ltd.: MacReflex Date: 1 March 1993 Description: System consists of upto 7 specially developed precision cameras, a videoprocessor and MacReflex software. Reflective markers, IR emitting light sources, laser spots or retroprisms are tracked by the system in 2 or 3 dimensions using an infrared strobe Frame rate: 50 or 100 Hz Resolution: 1/30,000 of field of view Spatiotemporal noise: 0.003 % of field of view Exposure time: 0.8 ms Temperature drift: 0.01% of field of view Measuring distance: 0.5 to 30 m indoor, 0.5 to 8 m outdoor with camera type HP Max number of markers: 100, 20 guaranteed in "real-time" Marker size: 0.5% to 18% of field of view Precision: 0.01 % of the measurement range Synchronization: to mains if mains is 50 Hz or to external 50 Hz Temperature range: 0-40 deg Celsius Relative humidity: 20 - 95% Reference: product information Optikon Corp. Ltd. MacReflex
Columbus Instruments: VideoMex-x / Biovision Date: 23 Feb 1993 Description: 2D motion measurement using a color camera and image analyzer, and color markers Framerate: 60 Hz Max number of markers: 6 Min diameter of markers: 2% of field of view Resolution: 1/500 of field of view (0.2 %) Price: US$ 24,189.- (3D 60 Hz digitizer) + 3 times US$ 6,289.- (highspeed CCD camera) Reference: product information Columbus Instruments VideoMex-x / Biovision
Yaman Ltd.: Optfollow 7100 DOF: x, y, z Sampling rate: up to 500 kHz Workspace: adaptable by using various lenses Description: light intensity discontinuity tracking through servoloop control of photo-electrically generated electron beam (of an image dissector tube) using magnetic focussing of deflection coils. System components: camera with photo multiplier tube, hard- and software unit, D.C. light source, lenses. Range: use 20 % of the linear portion of the lense's actual range Reference: Fetzer et al (1990)
Charnwood Dynamics Ltd.: CODA MPX30 Description: 3-D coordinates registered by 3 scanning mirror assemblies within a scanner unit. IR LED's illuminate passive non-wired markers which are captured by high resolution electronic shutter cameras. Markers are automatically identified. The system is internally pre-calibrated. Provides stick figure animations, movement paths in 2-D plane. Accepts input in analog form from other sources (EMG, force platform, etc.). High sampling rate. Errors of measurment intrinsic to the system are calibration errors, mirror and time-skewing errors next to marker geometry errors. Frame rate: 200 Hz Measurement range: upto 8 m Resolution: 0.08 mm (x and y), 0.89 mm (z) at 6 m distance Precision: 1/47,000 (x and y), 1/4,200 (z) at 6 m distance Spatiotemporal resolution: 1/658,000 (x and y), 1/60,000 (z) at 6 m distance Accuracy: 0.05 % of measurement range Reference: Mitchelson (1990)
Oxford Metrics Ltd.: VICON VX Description: uses spherical, passive, retro-reflective markers and infrared-sensitive electronc shutter CCD cameras in phase locked loop synchronization+ AMASS tracking software. Geometric Self Identification (GSI) technology, using 3D ray intersection searching, for automatic 3-D coordinates of markers. Requires careful (time-consuming) camera calibration. Frame rates: 50, 60 and 200 Hz Quantisation noise: 1/7,314 (50 Hz), 1/2,818 (200 Hz) Calibration error: 1/1,796 (50 Hz), 1/749 (200 Hz) Combined error: 1/3,891 (50 Hz), 1/1,418 (200 Hz) Reference: Macleod et al (1990)
HCS Vision Technology B.V.: Primas Description: Video cameras, interfaced to a host computer via data conversion, reduction and preprocessing, track contrasting markers Sampling rate: 100 Hz or 120 Hz Precision: 1/18,000 (x), 1/13,000 (y) Accuracy: 1/2,000 Reference: Furnee (1990)
Peak Performance Technologies Inc.: Peak5 motion measurement systems Date: 9 Nov 1992 Description: Fluorescent reflective markers are captured by 2 or 3 cameras for 3-D data (flood lights needed). Manual, semi-automatic and automatic marker digitization modes. Kinematics calculated. Allows for analog data acquisition of EMG and force platform. Synchronization of input to video possible. Software: Peak-2D Core, Peak-3D Module Sampling rate: from 50 Hz up to 2000 Hz Precision: 1/2,422 (manual digitization), 1/5,280 (automatic digitization) Accuracy: 1/3,267 (manual digitization), 1/4,310 (automatic digitization) Price: US$ 24,200.- (3D) + 3,080.- (installation and training) Reference: Scheirman et al (1990), product information Peak Performance Technologies Peak5, Scholz (1992)
Motion Analysis Corp.: ExpertVision 3D Date: 8 March 1993 Description: 3-D motion tracking using up to 6 cameras, video processors and tracking software (sorts merged and occluded targets). Software modules for kinematic calculations: OrthoTrak (full body gait analysis), KinTrak (for 3D biomechanics research), FlexTrak (2D acquisition, calibration, tracking and graphics), FootTrak (2D dynamic rearfoot assessment), GaitTrak (gait analysis), SpineTrak (multiple 2D dynamic spine assessment), LiftTrak (2D biomechanical model of the human body). Video archiving provision. Frame rate: up to 200 Hz Max number of markers: 50 Price: US$ 38,500.- Reference: Greaves (1990)
Tau Corp.: Eagle/VRS, RTIPS Description: automatic tracking, real-time video data acquisition and storage, field-of-view and spatial calibration Reference: Mostafavi (1990), company information Tau Corp.
BioVision: (productname unknown) Date: August 93 Description: uses camera's for motion capture Accuracy: 1/2,000th of the field of view or order of 1/100th of an inch Number of markers: < 30 Sample rate: 200 Hz Comments: channel output for wavefront, autodesk, softimage. alias etc Reference: Brochure BioVision
4D Video: (productname unknown) Date: 17 March 1993 Description: camera tracks passive or active markers Reference: 4D Video company information
Biomechanics Inc.: (productname unknown) Date: August 93 Description: Optical motion capture with 4 camera's Comments: used by Acclaim entertainment
United Detector Technology Instrument Group: Op-Eye Description: uses synchronized infrared LED's with pair of camera's Reference: Sturman (1994), Meyer et al (1992)
Hentschel System GmbH: Random Access tracking system HSG 84.30 DOF: x, y, z Description: retro-reflective markers illuminated by halogen spotlights, captured by random access cameras (with image dissectors) in windows and video interface for generation of deflection signals for the cameras Sampling rate: <=7,500 markers/s per window (15,000 possible), 126 markers/s per linescan Resolution: % field of view / 256, e.g. 1/32,768 for smallest window Window size: 0.5 to 4.0 % of the field of view Accuracy: < 0.1 % of field of view, after calibration and distortion correction (noise is +/- 8 pixels for 7,500 Hz Sampling rate, 4 pixels for 3,750 Hz, with best light conditions and small windows) System components: random access cameras (head + control), Hentschel video interface, Retro-reflective markers, halogen spotlights Reference: Zamzow (1990)
Optron Inc.: Optron 5600 Date: 22 feb 1993 Description: biaxial displacement follower system detects edge of marker or object. Using a servoloop to drive deflection amplifiers, the target displacement can be deduced Range: 0.020" to "infinity" depending on lens Resolution: upto 0.00001" depending on lens Sample rate: upto 10 kHz (biaxial), upto 50 kHz (single axis) Price: ca. US$ 23,000.-
Origin instruments: wireless head tracker for stereo displays Description: The Dynasight sensor is a 3-D optical radar that provides real-time 3-D measurements of passive targets with sub-millimeter resolution. Automatic search and track is provided, eye-safe operation and no adjustments or alignment required. Original application was head tracking of computer users but end-effector tracking is also viable. RS-232 interface. Operating range: 0.1-1.5m for 7mm target, 0.3-4m for 25mm target and 1 to 6m for 75mm targets. Accuracy: 1mm cross range and 4mm down range Resolution: 0.1mm cross range and 0.4mm down range. Price: US$ 2,995.- (head tracker) Reference: Gradecki (1994) p24, Doyle (1993)
Honeywell: Laser beam helmet tracker Description: two infrared sensors output a pulse when rotating laser beams (sweeping in two directions) passes the sensors. The timing information provides information on the angles of the beams, from which the position and orientation of the sensors can be calculated. Reference: Ferrin (1991)
Honeywell: LED array helmet tracker Description: An array with 4 LED's, mounted on the body and sequentially energized, is captured by a camera. Using the camera optical parameters the position and orientation of the LED's can be calculated. Reference: Ferrin (1991)
Honeywell: Videometric helmet tracker Description: Videometric principle; a camera captures the position of 4 different markers. Using pattern recognition the position and orientation of the markers can be identified. Reference: Ferrin (1991)
WW Gaertner / GEC-Marconi: helmet tracker Description: infra red tracking Accuracy: 30 arcseconds within distance (between LED's and sensor) of 2 to 3 ft (6 arcs achievable) Update rate: 250 Hz (2,500 Hz achievable) Price: ca. US$ 20,000.- Reference: Kalawsky (1993) p157-164
University of North Carolina: head tracker Description: cameras attached to head track infra red LED pattern on ceiling Range: 4 m sq Accuracy: 0.1 deg Reference: Wang et al (1990), Gottschalk et al (1993)
Artificial Reality Corp.: Videoplace Description: video image based silhouette analysis Reference: Krueger (1990)
Vivid Inc.: Mandala Description: camera + videoprocessor in Amiga computer process image of body. Interaction with images from laserdisc player and triggering of sounds. Reference: product information Vivid Inc. Mandala
MaxMay: (product name unknown) Date: November 1994 Description: Optical head tracker, uses lightweight panel with reference pattern, fits on rear of HMD Size: 3.5 inch tall Weight: 3 ounces Price: contact manufacturer
SimGraphics Engineering: VActor Xpression; Date: August 94; Description: facial expression tracking using adaptive associates camera tracking technology
Vierte Art GmbH: X-Ist; Date August 94; Description: optical tracking of markers placed on facial skin for facial expression tracking
(manufacturer unknown): OBER system Description: Uses IR sensing in goggles. It produces very little measurement noise. It is not quite as linear as the video based system but could be calibrated. The supplied software will produce a serial output of 12bit data at a Baud rate dependant on the Sampling rate, as well as writing data to disc. Set-up is easy but calibration depends on facial shape hence it is different in amplitude and possibly linearity for each subject. Sampling rate: up to 1200 Hz Resolution: 12 Bit Contact: (manufacturer unknown), built in Sweden but from an apparently Polish source.
ISCAN Inc.: RK426 Pupil center / corneal reflection tracking system Date: 15 May 1992 Description: measurement of the distance between center of corneal reflection and center of pupil, using camera and infra-red source on head Resolution: (angular range / pixel range covered by angular range) < 1 deg over +/- 20 deg eye movement range (dependent on coverage of pupil/corneal reflection on the camera image, e.g. 512 x 256 pixels for NTSC or 512 x 307 pixels for CCIR) Range: <= +/- 25 deg Update rate: 20 (50 Hz), 16.7 (60 Hz) upto 4.1 (240 Hz) ms Calibration: fairly linear as long as corneal reflection center is within pupil image; corneal reflection center minus pupil image center is assumed constant for headmovements < 1 cubic inch Comfort: works with eye glasses, if necessary precautions are taken System components: camera, infra-red source, software Comments: ISCAN uses a video based system, much like Dean Pommerleau (at CMU), but use conventional feature detectors to decompose the image, rather than Pommerleau's back-prop trained network recognition technology. Reference: Manual ISCAN RK426
LC Technologies: Eyegaze system Date: May 1991 Description: measurement of the distance between center of corneal reflection and center of pupil, using camera and infra-red source on head Accuracy: Sampling rate: 30 Hz (video camera frame rate), 60 Hz (video camera field rate). Reference: product information LC Technologies Eyegaze system
BioControl Systems: (product name unknown) Description: EOG based system, see under glove/suits.
MultiPoint Technology: Z-Mouse Description: uses 2D Mouse and 2D Trackball DOF: 5 Accuracy: 300 dpi Interfacing: Has SGI driver, plus some interesting 3D AutoCAD stuff for $50 Price: US$ 450.- (hardware, includes functional software), US$ 200.- (for a programmers reference, which is a nice addition)
CiS Graphics: Geometry ball Description: uses Strain Gauges DOF: 6 Accuracy: .1 " / .5 deg orientation Price: US$ 1,400.- upto 3,000.- (hardware)
SpaceBall Technologies: Spaceball 2003 Description: uses Strain Gauges DOF: 6 Accuracy: .1" position / .5 deg orientation Price: US$ 1,600.- (hardware)
You can also search this list.
5DT (Fifth dimension technologies) USA 3435 saint mary's road Lafayette CA 94549 USA Phone 1 800 235 6646 Fax 1 510 283 7575 Email 100076.404compuserve.com dataglove, flexor, head/hand position tracker
5DT (Fifth dimension technologies) UK P.O. Box 60F Chessington Surrey KT9 1YG UK Phone +44 932 252 600 Fax +44 932 242 909 Email 100076.404compuserve.com dataglove, flexor, head/hand position tracker
5DT (Fifth dimension technologies) ROW P.O. Box 5 Persequor 0020 South Africa Phone +27 12 349 1400 Fax +27 12 349 1404 Email 100076.404compuserve.com dataglove, flexor, head/hand position tracker
Adaptive Optics Associates Inc. Dean Wormell 54 Cambridgepark drive Cambridge MA 02140-2308 USA Phone 617 864 0201 Fax 617 864 5855 Email dean@aoa.utc.com Image based passive marker tracking
AGE (Abrams/Gentile Entertainment) 244 West 54th St. 9th floor New York NY 10019 USA Phone (212) 757-0700 Powerglove-Mac interface
Airmuscle Ltd. UK Phone (44) 61-745-7384 Tactile/Force feedback devices
AITek s.r.l. Via Pisa 12/1 16146 Genova Italia Consortiumleader of ESPRIT II funded research on a forcefeedback glove
Anaphase unlimited USA Phone +1 516 671 2456 Instrumented VR glove
APR Inc. 11514 77 Ave. Edmonton, AB T6G 0M1 Canada Phone 1 403 438 5810 Fax 1 403 438 5810 Email wilbo@delphi.com GAMS ultrasonic position tracking system
Artificial Reality Corp. Myron Krueger P.O.Box 786 Vernon Connecticut 06066 USA Phone 203 871 1375 Fax 203 871 7738 VideoPlace: video image based silhouette analysis
Ascension Technology Jack Scully P.O. Box 527 Burlington VT 05402 USA Phone (802) 860 6440 and (?) 655 7879 Fax (802) 860 6439 and (?) 655 5095 Bird, Flock of Birds, Big Bird: 6D trackers
BioControl Systems Inc. 2555 Park Avenue Palo Alto CA 94306 USA Phone (415) 329 8494 Fax (415) 329 8498 EMG and EOG based tracking
Bioengineering Technology & Systems M. Farina Via Capecelatro, 66 I-20148 Milano Italia Phone +39 2 4047896 Fax +39 2 6861048 ELITE: electro-optical ovement measurement system
Biomechanics Inc. Atlanta USA Electro-optical movement tracking
Biovision 2882 Sand Hill Road #116 Menlo Park CA 94025 USA Phone 415 233 7900 or 1 800 866 3463 Video image based movement tracking
BodySynth Chris van Raalte & Ed Severinghaus 142 20th Avenue #2 San Fransisco CA 94121 USA Phone 415 387 1142 Email ed.s@sfnet.com BodySynth: EMG based movement tracking
CAE Electronics Ltd. C.P. 1800 Saint Laurent Quebec, H4L 4X4 Canada Phone (514) 341-6780 Head mounted displays and head trackers
Charnwood Dynamics, Ltd. D. Mitchelson 63 Forest Road Loughborough, Leicester LE11 3NW England Phone +44 509 233224 Fax +44 509 236953 CODA-MPX30: electro-optical movement measurement system
CiS Graphics 1 Stiles Rd. Suite 305 Salem NH 03079 USA Phone (603) 894-5999 Geometry Ball, Geoball: 6D trackers
Columbus Instruments J. Czekajewski 950 North Hague Avenue Columbus Ohio 43204 USA Phone 614 488 6176 Fax 614 276 0529 Videomex / Biovision: video image based motion registration
Digisonic Inc. P.O. Box 407 Old Greenwich CT 06870 USA Phone +1 203 637 4722 Fax +1 203 698 2945 6 DOF head/body tracking devices
Digital Image Design Inc. 170 Claremont Ave., Suite 6 New York NY 10027 USA Phone (212)222-5236 or 508 970-0330 Fax (212) 864-1189 The Cricket: 6D interaction tool, Monkey: animation control
Evans and Sutherland 600 Komas Dr. PO Box 59700 Salt Lake City Utah 94158 USA Phone (801) 582-5847 Fax (801) 582-5848 Computer Scenery Generating systems
Exos Inc. Beth A. Marcus 2A Gill Street Woburn MA 01801 USA Phone (617) 933-0022 Fax (617) 933-0303 Dexterous Hand Master and Grip Master: electro-mechanical hand/arm trackers
Fake Space Labs 935 Hamilton Avenue Menlo Park CA 94025 USA Phone (415) 688-1940 BOOM: boom-mounted stereo viewer, Molly: teleoperated motion platform
Gaertner Research USA Phone 203 866 3200 Electro-optical tracking system
Gyration Inc. 12930 Saratoga Ave. Bldg C Saratoga CA 95070 USA Phone +1 408 255 3016 optical gyroscopes for VR applications
Greenleaf Medical Systems 2248 Park Blvd. Palo Alto CA 94306 USA Phone 415 321 6135 Fax 415 321 0419 dataglove (originally VPL's dataglove)
HCS Vision Technology B.V. J. Herrmann, F. Veraart Hurksestraat 18 D 5652 Eindhoven The Netherlands Phone +31 40 521637 Fax +31 40 521321 Primas: real-time image based motion measurement system
Hentschel System GmbH H. Zamzow Franische Strasse 62 3000 Hannover 91 Germany Phone +49 511 494099 Fax +49 511 494581 Hentschel HSG 84.30: electro-optical tracking system
Honeywell 11601 Roosevelt Blvd St. Petersburg FL 33716 USA Phone 813.579.6604 Fax 813.579.6696 Electro-optical (head)tracking systems
Immersion Probe USA Phone 415 599 5819. Headtracker
Infusion Systems Ltd. Suite 316 - 425 Carrall Street Vancouver, BC Canada V6B 6E3 Phone +1 604 684 3646 Fax +1 604 684 3656 Email info@infusionsystems.com Web http://www.infusionsystems.com
Institute for Perception Research Reinder Haakma PO Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands Email secr@heiipo5.bitnet Phone +31-40 77 38 73 Fax +31-40 77 38 76 Force Feedback Trackball
ISCAN Inc. 125 Cambridgepark drive Cambridge MA 02140 USA Phone 617 868 5353 Fax 617 868 9231 ISCAN: Pupil/corneal reflection eye tracking system
Kantec Inc. Spectrum 15 main street East Rockaway NY 11518 USA Phone +1 800 536 3212 ringmouse ultrasonic pointing device
LC Technologies Inc. 4415 Glenn Rose Street Fairfax Virginia 22032 USA Phone 703 425 7509 / 800 733 5284 Fax 703 323 4782 Eyegaze development system for eye tracking
Log-In srl. G. Bianchi, S. Farese Via Aurelia 714 00165 Roma Italia Phone +39 6 6807044 Fax +39 6 6215187 COSTEL: electro-optical motion measurement system
Logitech Inc. Bob Hiya 6506 Kaiser Dr. Freemont CA 94555 USA Phone (415) 795-8500 Red Baron, ultrasonic 6D mouse
MaxMay 4060 St-Laurent, suite #503A Montreal Quebec H2W 1Y9 Canada Phone 1 514 844 7359 Fax 1 514 278 2547 Optical head tracker
Micromeasurements USA Eye tracking
MIT Medialab Tom Zimmerman / Neil Gershenfeld 20 Ames street Cambridge Massachussetts 02139 USA Phone 617 253 0338 Fax 617 258 6264 Electrostatic field measurement of the hand
Motion Analysis Corp. J. Spaulding 3650 N. Laughlin Road Santa Rosa CA 95403 USA Phone 707 579 6500 Fax 707 526 0629 Expertvision: video image based motion measurement
Motion Orchestration Systems Steven Weber 102 Andover Place Robbinsville NJ 08691 USA Phone 201 460 6108 Suit / glove with mutual inductance based electro-gonio meters
MultiPoint Technology Rick USA Phone 508 692-0689 Multibutton (mouse) devices
Northern Digital Inc. J.R. Krist 403 Albert Street Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3V2 Canada Phone 519 884 5142 Fax 519 884 5184 Optotrak: electro-optical tracking system
NTT Akira Hiraiwa Human Interface laboratories Japan
Optikon Corp. Ltd. 410 Conestogo Road Waterloo, Ontario Canada N2L 4E2 Phone 519 885 2159 Fax 519 885 4712 MacReflex image based motion measurement
Optron Inc. B.L. Adams 30 Hazel Terrace Woodbridge CT 06525 USA Phone 203 389 5384 Fax 203 389 4661 Optron: electro-optical displacement follower
Origin instruments Greenview drive Grand prairie TX 75050-2438 USA. Phone 214 606 8740 Fax 214.606.8741 Head tracker
Oxford Metrics Ltd. P. Meddings Unit 8, 7 West way Botley, Oxford OX2 0JB England Phone +44 865 244656 Fax +44 865 240527 VICON: video image based motion measurement system
Peak Performance Technologies Inc. S. Cheetham 7388 S. Revere Parkway, Suite 601 Englewood CO 80112 USA Phone 303 799 8686 Fax 303 799 8690 Peak-2D Core, Peak-3D module: electro-optical motion measurement system
Penny & Giles Blackwood Ltd. Blackwood Gwent NP2 2YD United Kingdom Phone +44 495 228000 Fax +44 495 229389 Strain gauge based electro-goniometers
Polhemus Inc. Tom Jones P.O. Box 560 Hercules Dr. Colchester VT 05446 USA Phone (802) 655-3159 3SPACE Isotrak, 3SPACE Tracker, 3SPACE Digitizer: 6D trackers
Science Accessories Corp. 2 research drive P.O.Box 825 Shelton CT 06484-0825 USA Phone 203 925 1661 Fax 203 929 9636 GP12, spacepen ultrasonic position tracking
Selspot AB Flšjelbergsgatan 14 S-43137 Mšlndal Sweden Phone +46 31 878110 Fax +46 31 278992 Selspot II: electro-optical motion measurement system
Shooting Star Technology 1921 Holdom Ave. Bumaby, B.C. Canada V5B 3W4 Phone (604) 298-8574 Fax (604) 298-8580 ADL-1: mechanical headtracker
SimGraphics Engineering Dave Verso 1137 Huntington Road Suite A-1 South Pasadena CA 91030-4563 USA Phone (213) 255-0900 Flying Mouse: 6d input device, VActor face motion tracking
Spaceball Technologies. Inc. 600 Suffolk Street Lowell MA 01854 USA Phone (508) 970-0330 Fax (508) 970-0199 Spaceball: 6D stationary input device
Subjective Technologies 1106 Second St. Suite 103 Encinitas CA 920024 USA Phone (619) 942-0928 Various tools for controlling VR environments
Superfluo Inc. 2017 Vestal Av. #4 Los Angeles CA90026 USA Phone 213 666 2547 ELITE: electro-optical tracking system
Tau Corp. D. Hutchison 485 Alberto Way Los Gatos CA 95032 USA Phone 408 395 9191 Fax 408 395 6055 Eagle/VRS, RTIPS: image sequence analysis
Telepresence Research Scott Fisher, Brenda Laurel 635 High Street Palo Alto CA 94301 USA Phone (415) 325-8951 Fax (415) 325-8952 Design and development of virtual environments
The Character Shop Rick Lazzarini Van Nuys California USA Waldo facial expression tracking, customized human movement tracking systems
Transfinite Systems P.O. Box N MIT Branch Post Office Cambridge MA 02139-0903 USA Email D2002@AppleLink. Apple.com Phone (617) 969-9570 Gold Brick: PowerGlove interface for Macintosh
United Detector Technology Instrument Group Orlando Florida USA Op-Eye: electro-optical tracking system
University of Northern Carolina Department of Computer Science Chapel Hill North Carolina USA Inside out optical headtracker
Vierte Art GmbH Ernst-Platz-Strasse 2 80992 Munich; Germany Phone +49 89 141 71 51 Fax +49 89 141 32 48
Virtual Presence Ltd. Denise Haskew 25 Corsham Street London N1 6DR UK Phone +44 71 253 9699 Fax +44 71 490 8968 TCAS Datawear: instrumented glove/suit
Virtuality Entertainment Systems Bristol UK
Virtual Reality News 32969 Hamilton Ct. Suite 215 Farmington Hills MI 48334 USA Phone 313 488 0330 WrighTrac: arm based head tracker
Virtual Research USA Phone 408 739-7114 Polhemus FasTrak based interaction tool
Virtex Virtual Technologies Jim Kramer 2175 Park Blvd. Palo Alto CA 94306 USA P.O. Box 5984 Stanford CA 9430 USA Phone (415) 599-2331 / 415 321 4900 Fax 415 321 4912 Email kramer@sunrise.stanford.edu CyberGlove: glove/hand input device and software
Vivid Inc. Vincent John Vincent 317 Adelaide Street # 302 Toronto Ontario M5V 1P9 Canada Phone (416) 340-9290 Mandala image based tracking system
VPL Research Inc. Adriana Panovich VPL Research, Inc. 3977 E. Bayshore Road Palo Alto California 94303 USA Phone (415) 988-2550 Fax (415) 988-2557 EyePhone: head-mounted display, DataGlove: glove/hand input device
W Industries Ltd. 3 Oswin Road, Brailsford Industrial Park, Leicester, England, LE3 IHR. Phone (44) 0-533-542-127 Fax (44) 0-533-471-855 6D Trackers, Virtuality SpaceGlove, VirtualReality (TM) especially for entertainment.
WW Gaertner / GEC-Marconi USA Phone 203 866 3200 Helmet tracker
Yaman Ltd. USA B.R. Fetzer 2005 Hamilton Avenue San Jose CA 95125 USA Phone 408 559 9100 Fax 408 559 9105 Optfollow: electo-optical motion measurement system